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Akifa mam
Lumbar vertebra
Histological structure of intervertebral disc
Must say fibrocartilage related topics
Exception of secondary cartilaginous (viva)
Mandible
Anatomical position *
How you will identify typical lumbar vertebra
Differentiate lumbar vertebrae from other vertebrae
Why lumbar & cervical regions vertebral foramen are wide
Due to enlargement of spinal cord in these regions
Foramen in body of the lumbar vertebrae
Termination of spinal cord & then?
Cauda equina, Filum terminale
Why posterior roots of spinal nerves are sensory
Due to presence of ganglion
Attachment of Thoraco-lumbar fascia **(imp)
Relations of lumbar vertebrae (128page) *
Clinical anatomy of lumbar vertebrae
Kyphosis, Lordosis
Sacrum
Anatomical position
Features ( most imp)
Why ala is wide
Relation of ala***
Relation of pelvic surface ***
Why lateral surface is auricular
Sacral hiatus *
Muscle attachment of sacral foramina
Content of sacral canal ***
Medial & lateral sacral artery are branch of
Origin & insertion of Psoas muscle
Origin - L1
Insertion- lesser trochanter of femur
Attachment of Iliacus muscle
Electro spinae muscle
Attached in u shaped structure
Piriformis muscle
What type of joint sacroiliac joint & lumbosacral joint
Sacroiliac : plain synovial
Lumbosacral : secondary cartilaginous
Boundary of Lumbosacral triangle of Marseille
Pelvis
Must from Datta (+ vishram)
Pelvis -> always we think about female pelvis
Anatomical position
Function ***
Parts of pelvis
Great pelvis
false ( due to incomplete bony structure)
Inlet’s boundary
Parts of lesser pelvis (imp)
Parts of greater pelvis
Lower openings
Before backwards , 3 openings
In female: urethral, vaginal, anal
In male: urethral & anal
Types of pelvis
Gynecoid
Android
Gynecoid is better . because
More accommodation for fetus
Easy passing during delivery
Android type Bad for female
Baby’s head stuck during delivery
Inlet’s measurements, cavity, margins
All diameters, angular measurements -> must from datta
Sub cubital angle ***
Sacral index
Difference between male & female pelvis**
Various joints
Muscles
Viscera related with pelvis (most imp for viva)
Varies these in male & female
Chart from -> vishram
Terminal line
Inlet’s diameter (most imp. For female student)
Greater sciatic notch (written)
Later it becomes foramen by ligament
Blood supply ( most imp)
Internal iliac
Branches of iliac (most imp)(else you may fail)
Internal pudendal artery
6 branch
Nerve supply
From ak datta
Sagana mam
Anatomical position ***
Location off stomach ***
Presenting parts of stomach
Relation of postero-inferior surface
Gastric orifice have any sphincter?
What do you mean by anatomical & physiological sphincter
Factors preventing gastro-esophageal reflux
Clinical importance of esophageal varices ***
Function of stomach *
Microscopic structure of stomach
Gastrostomy
Greater & lesser omentum
Abdominal police
Artery supply, venous drainage, lymphatics, nerve plexus ****
Written (with figure) + viva (most imp)
Is any tortuous vessel important? Why? Where metabolism is more high
Peptic ulcer is seen in lesser curvature more than greater curvature. Why?
Cause of peptic ulcer
All veins (must know)
Cardiac & pyloric orifice , how we can identify them
Mode of lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply of stomach
Pit, rubi, parietal cell ***
Gastric canal megentrasse
Gastric cells with function
Stomach bed
Gastric canal
Development of stomach
Sagana mam
The mesentery & mesenteric vessel
Structures crossed by Root of the mesentery *(must know)
Pancreas
Peritoneal relation
Development
Dorsal & ventral part of pancreatic duct
Length
Presenting parts
Relation of neck
Why tail is mobile
Relation with duodenum
Clinical anatomy
Characteristics of uncinate process? Shape
Exocrine? Endocrine? Cells?
Centra aciner
Cells of endocrine parts & their secretion
Pancreatic duct
Spleen
Why spleen is different from lymph node ***
Anatomical position
Kidney, spleen : their axis is along their length
Length & breadth
Peritoneal relation
Presenting parts **
Notch in superior border meet at lateral end ( all about notch) (written + viva)**
Most projected part?
Anterior angle
When we can see it (anterior angle) 2 to 3 times bigger than before***
In splenomegali
Posterior basal angle
Structures pass through hilum
Relation of visceral surface
Relation of diaphragmatic surface
Ligaments of spleen
Lienophranic
Lienorenal
Suspensory
Phrenicocolic ligament ( gives the space to set up of spleen)
Why splenic artery is tortuous
Blood supply of spleen
Peri anterior lymphoid sheet
Germinal center
the more infection , the more germinal center
Splenic cord
Reticulo cell , fibre
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply ( sympathetic)
Is it primary or secondary lymphoid organ
Difference between Primary & secondary lymphatic organ
Primary & secondary lymphatic organ
Primary: bone marrow & thymus
Secondary: spleen, tonsil, adenoid, peyer’s patches, lymph nodes
White pulp, red pulp
Why it’s a hemolymph organ
Why splenectomy isn’t harmful
Sagana mam
Duodenum
Anatomical position
Most fixed part
Peritoneal relation : retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Description of layers
Contents of the parts of duodenum ***
1st
2nd (most imp)
3rd
Lesser & greater sac’s relation through endocrine foramen
By which hand we hold jejunum & ileum (viva)
Jejunum - left
Ileum - right
Duodenal papilla ****
Major
Minor
Antimesenteric border ***
Plica, villi ,microvilli (must know)
Venous drainage ( actually which vein tributary of which vein) ***
SN: suspensory ligament of treitz
Meckl’s diverticulum ***
Keywords : 2 inch long , 2cm proximal of, 2% after child birth
Vitelline fistula
Duodenal recess
Differentiate between jejunum & ileum (histological difference)
Why ulcer is seen in 1st part of duodenum
Identification of duodenum
Brunner’s gland in submucous coat
Throughout git , glands are present in mucous coat except duodenum & oesophagus where glands are found in submucous coat
Plexus is found in which layer
Explain blood supply developmentally
What are peyer's patches? Where are they numerous?
Shape of villi in duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What type of food is digested in duodenum
Jejunum & Ileum
What is vasa recta
What is arcade
Difference between mode of blood supply of jejunum & ileum
Meckel’s diverticulum
Suparna Madam
1. Parts of small intestine, lengths of each parts
2. Location of jejunum ileum
3. Mode of blood supply
4. What are vasa recta, length at jejunum & ileum?
5. Difference between Jejunum ileum
6. Mucous membrane features
7. What are Payer's Patches, location?
8. Circular Folds of mucosa
9. Villus shape in different parts of small intestine
10. How much of the small intestine is required?
11. What is Meckel's Diverticulum? Size, distance, Development, mucosal specialty, clinical anatomy.
12. What is the mesentery?
13. Borders, Layers, Development of the mesentery.
14. Structures passing behind the root of mesentery
15. Contents of the mesentery
Akifa mam
Length
Location of sigmoid colon
How will you identify appendix from outside
Cardinal features
Orifices
Why vermiform is called
McBurney’s point
Types based on position of appendix
In mesoappendix , the appendix is worm shaped. Why
Disadvantage of retrocecal appendix
Why pre-ileal dangerous
What kind of artery appendicular artery is
What is end artery
Advantage & disadvantage of appendicular artery
Interior of anal canal
Pectinate line
What is Watershed line & why it is called so
Blood supply of anal canal
Importance of hilton’s line
Presenting parts
Needle biopsy
Bare area
How are anatomical & physiological lobes divided?
Which one is clinically important
Calot triangle
Relation Of right surface
Impressions
Formation of portal vein
Sagana mam
Kidney
Surface, border
From skin to kidney, which layers have to cross
Tracings of renal fascia
Structures passing through hilum
Except the renal fascia kidney rests on?
Fat
In case of fat loss/ weight loss ,kidney goes downwards
Arterial supply
How you can differentiate left & right kidney in visceras that have vessels
IVC: close to right kidney
Abdominal aorta: close to left kidney, behind IVC
Wall of abdominal aorta: more thick (same for renal artery)
In hilum: before backwards - renal vein, renal artery
How you will identify right /left kidney & lower/upper pole in visceras that do not have vessels
By direction of ureter
Anterior relation
Peritoneal relation
What is renal sinus? Contents?
Location of perinephric & paranephric fat
In arterial supply -> peritubular plexus.. Where is it major ? where minor?
Why fibrous capsule is called true capsule
Because fibrous capsule is formed by the condensation of fibrous stroma of the organ
Why renal fascia is called false capsule
Because renal fascia is a peritoneal fold
Ureter, Urinary bladder, urethrae
Relation of ureter
Parts of ureter
Ligament of apex of urinary bladder?true?false?
Urachus
Peritoneum of base of urinary bladder
Surface & borders of bladder
Why true ligament is true
Trigone of bladder? Features? Glossy? Submucosa? Former orifices
Anatomical position of urinary bladder
Surface & border : when empty, when distended
Suparna Madam
Kidney
1. Coverings of kidney, True & false Capsule origin
2. What is kidney, border, surface, pole, size, weight
3. Congenital anomalies
4. Histological structure
5. What happens in stenosis of renal artery?
6. Parts of nephron, number?
7. Number of calyx major minor?
8. Number of pyramids?
9. Peculiarities of renal artery?
10. Structures of cortex & medulla?
11. Measurements
12. Relation anteriorly
13. Nor peritoneal and peritoneal parts of kidney
14. Content of sinus
15. What is hilum, location, structures passing through, entering exiting
16. Which vein & artery is longer? Why?
17. Macro-structures
Urinary Bladder & Ureter
1. Parts of ureter, length, course of pelvic ureter with levels.
2. Constrictions of ureter
3. Histological Structures of ureter, lining epithelium, with one significance
4. Arterial Supply, Venous Drainage, lymph drainage, nerves supply
5. Clinical importance of ureter (Surgical importance)
6. Location of Urinary Bladder.
7. Capacity of Urinary Bladder.
8. When Pain sensation starts?
9. Shape of Bladder.
10. Presenting parts of bladder
11. What is base.
12. Relations of base
13. Space of Retzius, Boundary, Contents
14. Importance of Space of Retzius
15. Ligaments of Bladder
16. What is median umbilical ligament, embryologically.
17. What is trigone
18. Layers of bladder
19. Detrusor Muscle, layers
20. Bladder bed with contents
21. Artery supply, venous drainage, Lymph drainage, nerve supply.
22. Size & parts of male urethra. Which is the longest part.
23. How can male urethra be ruptured?
24. Why are females more prone to urinary bladder infection?
25. Location of Supra Renal gland.
26. Parts of Suprarenal gland.
27. Secretion of medulla.
28. Zones of Cortex & their secretion
Akifa mam
Uterus, Ovaries, Uterine tube
Definition of fertilization , ovulation, implantation, graafian follicle
Why are ligaments true, false?
Contents of broad ligament ( vishram -262)
Where ovarian vessel & uterine vessel anastomoses
Uterine vein, ovarian vein.. tributory of
Round ligament is attached up to
Layers of endometrium
Which layer sheds out in menstruation
Intrinsic circulation of uterus
What is a retroverted uterus? Disadvantage? Clinical condition
Prolapse- weight bearing of urinary bladder - urine retention
In case of urine retention- surgery needed
Support of uterus
true/false ligament,why true/false, paired/unpaired
Boundary of rectouterine pouch
Broad ligament in uterus
no
Suparna Madam
1. Parts of internal genitalia
2. Parts of external genitalia
3. Position of ovary
4. Function of ovary
5. Layers of ovary
6. Blood supply of ovary
7. Nerve Supply of ovary
8. Measurements of ovary
9. Ovarian fossa boundary
10. Characteristics of ovaries
11. Venous drainage of ovary
12. What is ovulation
13. Parts of uterine tube & lengths
14. Blood supply of uterine tube
15. Parts of Uterus
16. How fundus & body is separated
17. Layers of myometrium
18. Layers of endometrium
19. Which layer is shredded, function of basal layer?
20. Clinical importance of isthmus
21. Entire Lymph drainage
22. Entire Nerve Supply
23. Relation of lateral side of cervix
24. What is anteversion & anteflexion
25. On coronal section character of cervix & body of uterus
26. Lining of vagina, characteristics of non-keratinized stratified epithelium
27. What is broad ligament, contents of broad ligament
28. What is pouch of Douglas, boundaries of this pouch & clinical importance.
Suparna Madam
1. What are the male external genitalia?
2. What is scrotum, contents of scrotum?
3. Layers of scrotum.
4. Function of interstitial cells of leydig, hormones responsible for its secretion, homologue hormone in female
5. Artery Supply of penis
6. Venous drainage of penis
7. Developmental anomalies
8. Nerve supply of penis with function
9. Measurements of testes & presenting parts
10. What is rete testis
11. Intrinsic layers of testes
12. Length of epididymis canal
13. Microscopic structures, function of Sertoli cells
14. Function of AMH
15. Venous drainage of testes
16. Where vaginal sac is found
17. Vas deferens- other name, function, staring & ending, structure, blood supply, length
18. Seminal vesicle- what is it? Secretion, Composition of semen, size, when it expels its secretion, nerve supply
19. Prostate- position (details), measurements, what is it. Presenting parts, what type of gland, blood supply, relation, clinical importance of median lobe, relation, structures traversing it. Structures of it. Cause of BH, changes with age
20. Others-
Position of bulbo urethral gland, formation of ejaculatory duct, structures having greater transverse diameter then vertical, structures of length 45 cm, lymph drainage of seminal vesicles, what is vasectomy