Card 4
Credit: Sadiya Aysha(160)
Aziz Sir
1. Body fluid compartments ** with amount of fluid
2. Criteria of indicator in measurement of body fluid compartment
3. Ionic Composition-cations & anion - amount (Na,K,Ca,Mg,Cl **** with range)
4. Consequence of osmotic disequilibrium between ICF and ECF
5. Mechanism of coma & death in cerebral oedema & dehydration
6. Water Homeostasis ****- Intake-Output paths
7. Regulation of water balance
8. What is water intoxication
9. What is water turnover
10. What is Obligatory water loss
11. Classification of volume disorder
12. Common Causes of hypovolemia & hypervolemia (Randomly cause of specific type)
13. Body response to hypovolemia & hypervolemia
Tarana Madam
1. Total body water.
2. Body fluid compartment- Definition, classification, measurement, ionic composition.
3. Give the distribution in 70kg adult male and female.
4. Law of electrical neutrality.
5. Function of body water.
6. Water turnover- definition, calculation importance.
7. Water intake and output chart
8. Movement of water across the capillary endothelium
9. Major water retaining solutes in body fluid compartment
10. Water balance- definition. types, regulation.
11. Classification of volume disorder with causes.
12. Dehydration -definition and causes.
13. Body response to hypovolemia dehydration.
14. Why does the child get quickie dehydrated than adults?
15. Short note. Transcellular fluid water, Intoxication, Metabolic water.
Aziz Sir
1. What is nephron, Parts, types difference
2. Function of kidney
3. Renal blood flow & its peculiarities
4. Mechanisms of urine formation
5. What is GFR, amount, factors affecting it.
6. What is Transport Maximum
7. What is renal threshold, renal threshold & glycosuria
8. Plasma clearance
9. Measurement of GFR
10. What is diuresis, types with definition & causes.
Tarana madam
1. Function of kidney.
2. Mechanism of urine formation.
3. What are the hormones that act on kidney and what are the effects?
4. Renal clearance- definition, formula importance
5. Osmolar clearance- Definition, formula, example.
6. Free water clearance- definition, formula, example,
7. Diuresis -definition, types
8. Water diuresis- Definition, mechanism, clinical condition.
9. Osmotic diuresis- definition, mechanism, clinical condition.
10. Pressure diuresis, definition, mechanism.
11. Difference between water and osmotic diuresis.
12. Mechanism of acidification of urine.
13. Calculated plasma osmolarity.
14. Plasma osmolarity Gap- Definition, causes, importance,
15. consequence of osmotic disequilibrium between ICF and ECF.
16. Short note: plasma load, tubular load, transport maximum, Renal threshold, Plasma osmolarity, alkali Reserve with rate.
Aziz Sir
1. Functions of PCT & regulation(with range & percentages)
2. Functions of LH, regulation (with range & percentage)
3. Functions of DCT (with percentage)
4. Functions of CD (**)
5. Hormones acting on kidney(Names 286 page)
6. Mechanism of concentrated & diluted urine formation
7. Bicarbonate reabsorption & secretion locations
8. Proximal & Distal acidification mechanisms with pH changes
Tarana Madam
1. Renal handling of sodium.
2. Renal handling of potassium.
3. The sites of reabsorption of Na+ in the renal tubule.
4. How water is absorbed in renal tubules?
5. Explain the role of kidney in regulating body water.
6. How kidney maintains normal serum concentration of sodium ion(Na+)
7. How kidney maintains normal serum concentration of potassium ion(K+)
8. Show in a diagram, the role of bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia buffer in kidney
9. Show with diagram, the role of kidney in the regulation of acid-base balance
10. List the substance reabsorbed in different parts of renal tubules
Aziz Sir
1. Hyponatremia (define, cause, clinical consequence), SIADH,
2. Hypernatremia (define, cause, consequence), DI
3. Body K+ content, Distribution, regulation,
4. Factor regulating transmembrane K+ flux, regulation of plasma K+ concentration,
5. Hyper and hypokalemia (cause, consequence)
6. Calcium homeostasis details
Kamal sir
1. Commonly measured electrolytes and their concentration.
2. Sources of sodium Potassium calcium.
3. How do vitamin D reabsorb calcium in intestine?
4. Main hormones of calcium phosphorus and sodium balance.
5. Changes on ECG during hypokalemia.
6. Function of calcium
7. Plasma calcium concentration.
8. Diuresis- classification
9. Distribution of sodium, potassium and calcium ion.
10. What is the change of potassium ion when calcium ion is increased in blood?
11. What is the change of phosphate ion when calcium ion is increased?
12. What is the disease of acute hypocalcemia?
13. Forms of plasma Calcium.
Aziz Sir
1. Base excess,
2. Classification acid base disorder, paradoxical aciduria
3. Common acid base parameters,
4. Details of plasma anion gap
5. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis (cause, pathogenesis, compensation, laboratory finding)
6. Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis (cause, pathogenesis, compensation, laboratory finding)
Kamal sir
1. Blood pH, urine pH.
2. How blood pH is maintained.
3. Name acids formed in our body?
4. Definition of buffer named blood buffer?
5. How buffering capacity is calculated?
6. Name the volatile and non-volatile acid.
7. Which buffer acts predominantly in respiratory mechanism.
8. What is base excess?
9. Name the kidney buffer.
10. pKa value of bicarbonate and phosphate buffer, which one is more effective.
11. Base/acid ratio.
12. How phosphate buffer does work.
13. How phosphate buffer is written?
14. Renal mechanism for maintaining blood pH.
15. How many times do take to response of third line defense?
16. Causes and compensation of metabolic acidosis.
17. Main defects of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
18. What is the disorder of opiates and salicylate poisoning?
19. How ammonia buffer does work?
20. What is anion gap function of energy gap, normal value?
21. Acid base disorder parameter.
22. Advice given to patient for acid-base disorder.
23. Which factors stimulate the respiratory Center.
24. Location of respiratory Center.
25. What kind of acidosis will be at road traffic accident?
26. Which buffer is responsible to excrete hydrogen?
27. Where does bicarbonate buffer work?
28. Why there is acidosis in diarrhea?
29. How is the most acid produced in our body?
30. Why is urine acidic?
31. Alkali Reserve
32. Alkaline tide.
33. What is the source of ammonia and ammonia buffer?
34. Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
35. Why Blood pH is not less than 4.5
Aziz Sir
1. Normal Volume of urine
2. Abnormal constituents of urine
3. Limiting pH of urine
Tarana Madam
1. Normal constituents of urine.
2. Abnormal constituents of urine
3. Name the test for detection of abnormal constituents of urine
4. Normal urine volume
5. Obligatory urine volume
6. Limiting pH of urine