Card 2: Cardiovascular System
CREDIT: SADIA MIM (41) -- NASIM AL MAMUN (88) -- ISRAT SHAHORIN (174)
Ruhani sir
Properties of cardiac muscle(with explanation)
All or none law,Frank starling law
Refractory period
Describe active potential of cardiac muscle/ Phases of action potential
Importance of plateau phase
Define pre-potential/ pacemaker potential (from Ganong)
pre-potential ki membrane potential naki action potential (⇒membrane potential)
Heart a koy dhoroner Ca²+ channel ase?
Heart er kon kon portion late activation hoy
Functional syncytium
Name of junctional tissues with their impulse rate and conducting velocity
Excitation contraction coupling (definition)
What is intercalated discs function
T type- pre/pacemaker potential,why
Difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle by AP⇒Guyton(channels)
what will happen if Ca²+ remains open for a long time
L type Ca²+ channel is which type slow or fast ⇒slow
RMP of cardiac muscle
Why SA node is called pacemaker
Why AP doesn't transmit directly from atrium to ventricle
Rosy Mam
1. What are properties of cardiac muscles?
2. short note Refractory period & types, importance,
3. Draw & label an action potential of cardiac muscle,
4. what is plateau & mechanism,
5. name & rate of junctional tissues,
6. pacemaker of the heart,
7. pacemaker potential,
8. All or None Law
9. Frank Starling’s Law
10. short note SA node,
11. narrate how cardiac impulses are transmitted.
12. difference between action potential of SA node & Cardiac muscle,
13. effects of sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation of heart.
Fatema Mam
1.Properties of cardiac muscle
2.All or none law
3.Frank Starlin’s Law
4.Functional Syncytium
5.Refactory Period
6.Action Potential of cardiac muscle with description
7.Plateau
8.Junctional Tissues of Heart
9.How is cardiac impulse conducted throughout the heart
10. AV Nodal Delay with cause and importance
D Batch
1. preload and afterload
2. Effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation on heart
3. Ventricular escape
4. AV nodal delay
5. All or none law, Frank starling law, functional syncytium
6. junctional tissue of heart intercalated disk and its function
7. origin of impulse and its conduction
8. Junctional tissue of the heart?
9. Why is SA node called the pace maker?
10. importance of refractory period
11. Action potential of cardiac muscle/ ventricular muscle
Ruhani sir
Definition of cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle time, events of cardiac cycle,changes during cardiac cycle
Phages of cardiac cycle, details
Cardiac cycle diagram (from guyton)+volume
Definition of heart sound, characteristics
1st heart sound,2nd heart sound kon phase a shuna jay
1st heart sound er duration beshi keno
2nd heart sound er frequency beshi keno
Definition and amount of EDV,ESV,SV
EDV,ESV theke SV paoa jay ki?
Atrial systole and ventricular systole overlap korena keno
Pressure within the heart(systole and diastole)
Whole heart diastole
Atrial and ventricular diastole ki same time a ghote?⇒yes, whole heart diastole
Atrial and ventricular systole ki same time a ghote?⇒no
ECG definition, figure, interval, significance of intervals,waves, importance of waves,
electrodes, methods of ECG(unipolar/bipolar)
What is electrocardiography (the process) and what is electrocardiograph
Heart block
Sinus arrhythmia definition
Rosy Mam
1. Define cardiac cycle,
2. events of cardiac cycle,
3. filling & emptying of ventricle during cardiac cycles,
4. physiological changes during cardiac cycle,
5. diagram of physiological changes in the cardiac cycle,
6. heart sound, types, identification,
7. what is murmur,
8. define cardiac output & factors regulating cardiac output,
9. factors influencing cardiac output,
10. define & factors influencing venous return,
11. define ECG, interpretation of ECG, ECG interval
Fatema Mam
1.Define cardiac cycle, events of cardiac cycle, explain the events of cardiac cycle
2.What is systole and diastole
3.What are the changes that take place during cardiac cycle
4.What is cardiac cycle time? Calculate it
5.State the ejection phase of cardiac cycle. Describe the ventricular events of cardiac cycle, filling and emptying of ventricle during cardiac cycle, isovolumic contraction and isovolumic relaxation phases
6.Define heart sound and types with characteristics and significance
7.Define ECG, principles of ECG, waves of ECG and significance of different waves of ECG, ECG intervals with duration and events
8.Effect of hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, 1st degree and 2nd degree heart block on ECG
D Batch
1. heart sound
2. Types of heart sound and how they're produced.
3. What is cardiac cycle?
4. aortic pressure change
5. what are heart sounds?
6. Importance of 1st and. 2nd heart sound.
7. definition of cardiac cycle, events in them,
8. classification of mechanical and electrical events
9. events during ventricular systole along with time
10. hemodynamic,
11. cardiac cycle, cardiac cycle time(formula its value at normal heartbeat)
12. Atrial systole
Ruhani sir
Definition- hemodynamics
Why aorta, artery are called windkessel vessels?
Why veins are called capacitance vessels?
Why veins are called reservoir of blood?
What is compliance (Guyton chapter 15 page 179)
Vasomotion definition (Guyton page190)
Factors affecting vasomotion, most important factor that control/affect vasomotion
Hormones that regulate blood flow (vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents)
Chemical agents that regulate blood flow(vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents)
What is PRU(Guyton 175)
Range of PRU( 0.2-4)
PRU in pulmonary circulation (0.14)
What is TPR(Guyton 175)
Peripheral resistance
Types of blood flow (Guyton 173)
What is Reynolds number, equation,range of Reynolds number for determination of turbulent flow
For which type of vessels poiseuilles law is applicable
Endothelin kottheke secret hoy,kon vessel er upor kaj kore
Equilibrium law
Auto regulation of blood flow
Why arteries are called stop clock
Why resistance vessels are called resistance
Vein a keno backflow of blood hoy na
Rosy Mam
1. Functions of Circulation
2. Classification of microcirculation
3. Blood Distribution
4. Classify vessels on the functional point of view
5. Interrelationship among pressure, flow & Resistance- Ohm’s Law
6. What is resistance?
7. What is PRU
8. Types of flow
9. Reynolds numbers, Spelling of Poiseuille
10. Regulation of circulation. Local & Humoral Control of Blood Flow
11. Exchange of fluid through capillary membrane
Fatema Mam
1.Components of microcirculatory bed and their importance
2.Explain the capillary fluid exchange mechanism
3. Filtration at the arterial end of capillary and reabsorption at the venous end of capillary
4.Starling equilibrium for capillary exchange
5.Local control of blood flow
6. Humoral regulation of circulation
7.Myogenic theory, metabolic theory
8.Interrelationship among pressure, flow and resistance
9.Poiseuille’s Law
10.Definition of peripheral resistance and factors affecting
11. Factors directly and inversely related to blood flow
12.Preload, Afterload, Reynolds number, conductance
13.Functional classification of blood vessels with example
14. Windkessel effect with importance
15.Hormones that cause vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of arterioles, endogenous vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents
D Batch
1. State a formula that shows Relation between pressure resistance
2. Forces for exchange of of fluid through capillary
3. poisellues law and relationship
4. total peripheral resistance(TPR), factors affecting TPR,
5. function of circulation.
6. formulae of blood flow
7. factors affecting blood flow
8. local control of blood flow
9. theories of vasodilation
10. what is resistance?
11. formula of parallel and series resistance
12. is the arrangement of arteries,
13. veins and capillaries series or parallel?
14. Functional classification of blood vessels.
15. Windkessel effect and Windkessel vessels
Ruhani sir
Cardiodynamics, hemodynamics
Definition of cardiac output, measurement, regulation
Factors affecting CO(physiological, pathological)
Main factors or determinants of CO (EDV,ESV,HR)
Autoregulation of CO
Measurements of CO-methods, direct fick methods (formula)
Definition of cardiac reserve and value
Definition of ejection fraction and value
Definition of cardiac index and value
Definition of venous return and value
Factors affecting venous return
How venous pressure affects venous return
What is heart rate
Definition and value of- ESV,EDV,SV
Factors affecting EDV,SV,heart rate
Heart rate ki ki factor diye accelerate hoy,ki ki factor diye slow hoy
How EDV affects SV
Define preload, after load
Regulation of heart rate- cardiovascular reflexes
Baroreceptor/ Meyer's reflex
Chemoreceptor reflex
Bainbridge reflex
Pulse- definition
Common sites of examination of arterial pulse
Points to be noted during examination of radial pulse
Why we examine radial pulse instead of other sites
Rosy Madam
1. Define cardiac output, measurement, regulation and factors affecting cardiac output
2. SV, EDV, ESV: Definition and factors affecting them
3. Venous return: Definition and factors affecting
4. Heart Rate: Factors affecting and regulation
5. Cardiac output measurement methods,
6. What is Fick’s Principle
7. discuss the measurement of cardiac output using Fick’s Principle
8. Cardiac Index, ejection fraction
9. Pulse: Definition, classification, characteristics describe, pulse wave radial pulse
Esrat Madam
1. Define cadio-dynamics, primary determinant of blood pressure and cardiac output
2.Define cardiac output, measurement, regulation and factors affecting cardiac output
3.SV, EDV, ESV: Definition and factors affecting them
4.Venous return: Definition and factors affecting
5. Heart Rate: Factors affecting and regulation
6.How can cardiac output be measured and also name the methods, What is Fick’s Principle, discuss the measurement of cardiac output using Fick’s Principle
7. Cardiac Index, ejection fraction
8.Pulse: Definition, classification, characteristics describe, pulse wave radial pulse
D Batch
1. Pressure change, reflex
2. Factors/ conditions influencing
3. Cardiac output.
4. What is pulse? Points /characteristics of pulse
5. What factors should be considered while measuring pulse?
6. What is cardiac output
7. Definition of edv and factors affectingedv
8. What do you mean by pressure gradient
9. Heart rate, cardiac index(value),
10. Isotropic agents name, their types,
11. Tachycardia and its causes
12. Factors affecting heart rate
13. Cardiac reserve -definition law, explaination, importance
14. What changes in cardiac reserve
15. We get to see in heart diseases
Ruhani sir
Definition of PR and factors affecting PR
Definition of BP
Types of BP(define each type and normal range)
Physiological variation of BP
Factors controlling BP
Factors that influence BP
Regulation/control of arterial BP
Why Baroreceptor reflex cannot work in long term
Why Baroreceptor reflex is called negative feedback reflex
What do you mean by "mmHg"
What do you mean by "10mmHg"
Long term regulation a kon organ beshi vumika rakhe
Measurement of BP
Vasomotor center(definition, area konghulo)
Vasomotor tone
Hypertension-definition, classification
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system a aldosterone ashe keno
Rosy Mam
1. Peripheral resistance: Definition and factors affecting
2. blood pressure & types of pressure, what is mean pressure,
3.factors influencing BP,
4. define & classify hypertension,
5. what is baroreceptors, what are the sites of baroreceptors,
6. State the different mechanism of blood pressure regulation. Short term regulation, intermediate regulation, long term regulation, Blood pressure: Definition, Types
7. Baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor feedback mechanism, CNS Ischemic response
8. Renin Angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism
9. Briefly discuss long term regulation of blood flow, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone mechanism
10. Baroreceptor Reflex, Chemoreceptor mechanism, Bainbridge Reflex
Fatema Mam
1. Peripheral resistance: Definition and factors affecting
2.State the different mechanism of blood pressure regulation. Short term regulation, intermediate regulation, long term regulation, Blood pressure: Definition, Types
3.Baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor feedback mechanism, CNS Ischemic response
4.Renin Angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism
5.Briefly discuss long term regulation of blood flow, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone mechanism
6.Baroreceptor Reflex, Chemoreceptor mechanism, Bainbridge Reflex
D Batch
1. Chemoreceptor receptor reflex
2. Causes of resistance in blood
3. Range of baroreceptor to work
4. Where trp is more
5. Range and formula of map
6. Baroreceptor reflex
7. Vasomotor center parts
8. Long term regulation of
9. Blood pressure, explain renal body
10. Fluid mechanism
11. Peripheral resistance definition ,factors affecting TPR,
12. Can blood flow be calculated in absence of resistance,
13. What should we use instead of blood flow in the
14. Formulae of TPR,
15. How viscosity affects flow and relation of resistance with diameter
16. What is diastolic pressure and what is it's significance?
17. If a person has low systolic pressure and high diastolic pressure, what does it mean?
18. Intermediate term regulation of blood
19. Types of blood pressure, range and significance
20. How pulse pressure is measured?
21. Resistance in blood
Fatema Mam
1.Define heart block, ECG finding,
2.Define tachycardia.
3.Define bradycardia
4.Stroke Definition, Classification of stroke
5.1st Degree Heart block
6.2nd Degree Heart Block
7.Circulatory Changes during exercise
8. Vagal escape
Fatema mam
1.Shock: Definition, classification
2.Compensatory mechanism of circulatory shock
3.Heart Block: Definition and types
4.Stokes- Adams syndrome & vagal escape
5.Circulatory adjustment during muscular exercise
6.Progressive and non-progressing shock
7.Factors of compensated shock
8.Septic shock, Neurogenic Shock
D Batch
1. Heart shock definition, compensatory change
2. How is cardiac output increased during exercise?
3. How tpr is decreased during exercise?
4. What is shock, types of shock
5. What is anaphylactic shock & neurogenic shock
6. Compensatory mechanisms of non progressive shock
7. Symptoms of non progressive hock
8. Trachycardia and its causes
9. Bradiacardia and its causes
10. Stages of shock, explain the factor that causes vicious cycle of cardiovascular deterioration and convert non progressive shock to progressive shock
11. Which organ is first affected by shock and why?
12. ECG waves during different types of heart blocks
13. Stokes adams syndrome
14. Refractory period
15. Sick sinus syndrome
16. ECG in mobitz type 1
17. Sign symptoms of shock
18. Heart block types
19. Stages of shock