Card 4: Gastrointestinal & Renal Physiology
Card 4: Gastrointestinal & Renal Physiology
CREDIT: NASIM AL MAMUN(88) -- SABIHA TASNIM SURAIYA(189)
Ruhani Sir
Explain- GIT muscle functions as syncytium
Types of local hormon of GIT
Enteric nervous system definition?
Digestive function of Saliva
Which type ANS increase Enteric nervous system function ? Parasympathetic or sympathetic ?
Hormonal and neural regulations of GIT
What is Spike potential ? when do spike potential occur?
Function of myenteric plexus in details
hormonal control of GIT *can gastrin act on other cell?
Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on pyloric and ileocoecal sphincters.
What is spike potential. Explain.
What are the effects of autonomic nervous system on GIT.
Location and function of myenteric plexus. Function of git hormones
Local GIT hormone types
Slow wave Role of myenteric plexus in pyloric sphincter
Spike potential Normal RMP of gut
Function of submucosal plexus
What is BER, BER rates in stomach
What stimulates gastric acid secretion
Factors controlling gastric acid secretion ** Effect of myenteric plexus on pyloric sphincter
Phases of gastric acid secretion (%)
Define: Slow waves. gastric er kaj?? gastrin functions on which cell ?? Ecl, neural control, family koita??
Regulation of gastric secration (Hormonal Regulation--> gastrin, histamine)
★Definition BER ★Colon e BER rate koto? ★Gastrin ki kono cell er upor kaaj kore nai?? ba kono hormone secrete kore naki?
Gastric secretion regulation.* Myenteric plexus function
★What is slow wave? 426
★Spike potential ki? Explain? 426
★When spike potential occurs? 426 ➡️ when RMP becomes more positive (about -40 mv)
★Normal RMP of gut? 426 ➡️ -50 to -60 mv
★What is BER? BER rates in stomach? In colon? 427
★Hormonal(470,471) and neural(427) regulations of GIT
★Enteric nervous system definition? 427
★Enteric nervous system function কে বাড়ায় ? Parasympathetic নাকি sympathetic !! ➡️may be parasympathetic as sympathetic inhibits git activity stated in 429
★Location of myenteric plexus? 429
★Function of myenteric plexus in details? 429
★★Role of myenteric plexus in pyloric sphincter?★Function of submucosal plexus? 429
★What are the effects of autonomic nervous system on GIT? 428
★Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on pyloric and ileocoecal sphincters? 428
★Explain- GIT muscle functions as syncytium?430(black box)
★Types of local hormon of GIT? How many family are there? 467
★Function of git hormones? 468,469
★★Gastrin act on which cell?
★★can gastrin act on other cell?
★★Does Gastrin secrete any hormone?
★Function of saliva? (also individually like digestive function? Protective function?) 435
★Phases of gastric acid secretion (%) 445
★Factors controlling gastric acid secretion/★Regulation of gastric secration (Hormonal Regulation--> gastrin, histamine) 445,446
★Function of gastric juice? 440
★Function of gastric HCl? 442
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Parts of digestive system,
2. Function of digestive system,
3. Electrical activity of GIT, BER,
4. Enteric nervous system, function of autonimic nervous system on GIT,
5. Difference between myenteric and submucosal plexus,
6. Local hormones, source,stimuli, function,
7. Hormonal control of GI motility,
8. Digestive juice, daily secretion, composition, function
Fatema NurJahan Madam
1. Name the layers Of Intestinal wall.
2. "Gastrointestinal smooth muscle functions as syncytium"-explain it.
3. Define BER. Mention the causes & functions of BER.
4. Define spike wave. What causes depolarization in slow wave & spike wave?
5. Mention the rate Of BER at different parts of GIT.
6. 0ifferentiate between slow & spike wave.
7. State the functions of & VIP.
8. Differentiate between myenteric & submucosal plexus.
9. Discuss the neural control of GIT.
10. Give the functions of autonomic nervous system in GIT, myenteric & Meissner’s plexus.
11. Mention the regulation of secretion of secretin & CCK.
Ruhani Sir
What are the stages of swallowing
Which stages are involuntary
What are the duodenal factors for gastric emptying
motor function of stomach
When mixing movement occurs
Is Chyme fluid, semifluid or solid
Motor function of stomach
What is chyme
What is hunger contraction
What is hunger pang
Law of the gut
Gastric Factors that promote pyloric pump
Types of Defecation reflex
Types of Functional movement
** Duodenal factors affecting stomach emptying.
what is dedication reflex,types
what is peristaltic rush?
Mass movement
Regulation of stomach emptying
What is Pyloric Pump
Enterogastric reflex.
motor function of stomach
Propulsive movement of large intestine **Law of the gut **Pyloric pumping
Define retropulsion
Movements of large intestine ?
Define : hasturation??
1. Git reflex 494
2. What is enterogastric reflex?
3. Motor function of stomach 439
4. What are the stages of swallowing & Which stages are involuntary? 438
5. What are the duodenal factors for gastric emptying?448
6. When mixing movement occurs?
7. Is Chyme fluid, semifluid or solid? Semifluid
8. What is chyme? 478
9. What is hunger contraction? 488
10. What is hunger pang?
11. Law of the gut? 490
12. Gastric Factors promote pyloric pump?
13. What is defecation reflex? 495
14. Types of Defecation reflex? 495
15. Types of Functional movement? 486
16. what is peristaltic rush? 490
17. Mass movement? 493
18. What is retropulsion?
19. Movements of large intestine?
20. What is haustration?
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Movements of different parts of GIT,
2. Physiologic importance of movement,
3. Short note on Peristalsis, Law of the gut,
4. Function of large intestine
5. Short note on Segmentation contraction, Haustration, Mass movement,
6. Define GIT reflex, types,
7. Short note on Gastrocolic reflex,
8. Short note on Defecation reflex, Constipation,
9. Classify digestive enzymes present in GIT,
10. Regulation of saliva secretion,
11. Swallowing, Mechanism of swallowing,
12. Function of stomach,
13. Function of gastric HCL,
14. Basic mechanism of HCL secretion (for written),
15. Agents that inhibit HCL secretion,
16. Role of H2 blocker in gastric HCL secretion,
17. Short note on Gastric emptying,
18. Phases and regulation of gastric juice secretion,
19. Pyloric pump
20. Achlorhydria
21. Regulation of pancreatic juice secretion,
22. Factor prevent autodigestion of pancreas
23. Difference between hydrolytic and ecbolic type
24. Liver function test,
25. Function of liver
26. Function of bile,
27. Name of bile salt, bile acid,
28. Enterohepatic circulation, digestion and absorption of CHO, protein and fat
Fatema Nurjahan Madam
1. Name the movements in different parts of GIT.
2. What is peristalsis? Describe the mechanism of peristalsis.
3. Define Mastication-Name the muscles of mastication. Describe the mechanism of mastication.
4. What are the functions of chewing reflex?
5. Define swallowing. Describe the pharyngeal & esophageal Stage Of swallowing.
6. What do you mean by receptive relaxation?
7. Describe the regulation of gastric emptying.
8. List the motor functions of stomach.
9. Briefly describe the movements of small intestine.
10. Describe the functions of large intestine.
11. Discuss the movements of colon.
12. What is defecation? Discuss about defecation reflex.
13. Short note: Law of gut, Pyloric pump, Peristaltic rush.
Ruhani Sir
One most important Function of kidney? (Excretion of metabolic waste products , dgrugs )
Location of macula densa.
One important peculiarity of Renal circulation ?(Renal circulation has 2 capillary beds )
What is Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ?
Peculiarities of Renal circulation.
Number of nephron in each kidney
Content of nephron ? *number of nephron increase or decrease according to age?
Advantage of having 2 capillary beds in renal circulation
Function of cortical and juxtamedular nephron
Function of macula densa
Which hormone secreted from the kidney helps in blood cell formation
main function of kidney
Difference between cortical and juxtaglomerular nephron
Vasa recta
How kidney helps in RBC production?
**What type of cell is macula densa? ·How does kidney excrete metabolic waste product from our body ?2.Name of some metabolic waste products
Short term regulation of bp
Types of nephron, in which nephron vasa recta is present?
Auto regulation
Why filtration occurs in glomerular capillary? Peculiarity details porte bolcen
Difference between 2 Types nephron
Role of kidney in Red blood cell production ?
pecularity of renal blood flow (frequently asking question
Functions of kidney
*one peculiarity of renal blood flow ?
function of kidney ?
vasa recta where found ?
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. What are the excretory organs of the body
2. Define nephron, classify, different parts, function
3. Why nephron is called the structural and functional unit
4. Difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephron
5. Function of DCT
6. JGA: define, component and function of JGA
7. Function of kidney
8. Peculiarities of renal circulation with their importance
Fatema Nurjahan Madam
1. What is nephron? Mention the parts & functions of nephron.
2. Differentiate between cortical & juxtamedullary nephron.
3. Define juxtaglomerular apparatus State the formation & functions of juxtaglomerular apparatus.
4. Mention the functions of kidney.
5. Name the hormones that act on kidney.
6. What are the peculiarities of renal circulation?
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Basic mechanism of urine formation,
2. Steps of urine formation,
3. Major changes occur in the glomerular filtrate during passing through renal tubule
4. Autoregulation of RBF and GFR,
5. Glomerulotubular balance,
6. Glomerular filtration
7. Define and calculate net filtration pressure with importance,
8. Define glomerular filtrate with composition,
9. Short note on GFR,
10. How starling forces affect to form glomerular filtrate?
11. How GFR is measured ?
12. Why inulin is chosen for measuring GFR?
13. Why inulin clearance is equal to GFR?
14. Difference between urine and glomerular filtrate,
15. Define, structure and function of glomerular membrane,
16. Glomerular capillary is more permeable than other capillary
17. Why albumin not filter through glomerular membrane?
18. Short note on filtration fraction and glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
19. Define renal blood flow and renal plasma flow
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Basic mechanism of urine formation,
2. Steps of urine formation,
3. Major changes occur in the glomerular filtrate during passing through renal tubule
4. Autoregulation of RBF and GFR,
5. Glomerulotubular balance,
6. Glomerular filtration
7. Define and calculate net filtration pressure with importance,
8. Define glomerular filtrate with composition,
9. Short note on GFR,
10. How starling forces affect to form glomerular filtrate?
11. How GFR is measured ?
12. Why inulin is chosen for measuring GFR?
13. Why inulin clearance is equal to GFR?
14. Difference between urine and glomerular filtrate,
15. Define, structure and function of glomerular membrane,
16. Glomerular capillary is more permeable than other capillary
17. Why albumin not filter through glomerular membrane?
18. Short note on filtration fraction and glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
19. Define renal blood flow and renal plasma flow
Fatema Nurjahan Madam
1. State the tubuloglomerular feedback in autoregulation Of GFR & renal blood flow.
2. Discuss about myogenic autoregulation of renal blood flow & GFR.
3. What are the functions of autoregulation Of GFR & renal blood flow?
4. What do you mean by GFR, filtration fraction, filtration co-efficient?
5. Name the hormones & autacoids that influence GFR.
6. Mention the composition of glomerular filtrate.
7. What do you mean by filterability of solute?
8. What are the determinants of GFR?
9. Name the forces favoring & opposing filtration.
10. Mention the factors that Increase or decrease the glomerular filtration rate.
11. What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system on GFR?
12. Name the basic kidney processes that determine the composition of urine.
Fatema Madam
1.Water reabsorption at different part of renal tubule
2. Define :Tubular load, diuresis, transport maximum of glucose
3. Define Transport maximum
Glucose reabsorption
4. Hormonal control of tubular reabsorption
5. Define : Renal threshold Transport Maximum
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Process of reabsorption of solutes
2. Pathways of tubular reabsorption and secretion
3. Substances that are reabsorbed and secreted by renal tubule
4. Substances reabsorbed by PCT
5. Mechanism of Na reabsorption at different parts of renal tubule
6. M/A of glucose, HCO3
7. Water reabsorption
8. Hormones that act on renal tubule with their effects
9. Hormones that regulate renal tubular reabsorption
10. GFR and renal blood flow
11. Plasma load
12. Tubular load
13. Tm, TmG value
14. Renal threshold
15. Define and classify diuresis
16. Clinical consequence of osmotic diuresis
17. Difference between water and osmotic diuresis
Fatema Nurjahan Madam
1. List the substances that are reabsorbed by renal tubules.
2. Give the mechanism of Na+, water, glucose & HC03- reabsorption in different parts of the renal tubule.
3. List the substances that are secreted by renal tubules.
4. List the substances that are actively reabsorbed in renal tubules.
5. Define transport maximum of a substance with example.
6. Define renal threshold, plasma load & tubular load.
7. List the hormones that act on kidney.
Ruhani Sir
Amount of dilute urine produced by kidney per day?? (20L/day)
Define : Osmolarity
*Osmolarity at the tip of the loop of the henle? (50mlosmol/L) &
Which act as counter current exchanger??(vasa recta)
How dilution is done by ascending loop of henle ? (Water permeable for solutes)
Definition of counter current hypothesis /mechanism ?(most asked ques)
where Water reabsoption occurs more (cortex/medulla)? and its advantage ?
Def of counter current multiplier?
Requirements of conc urine formation?
*In which part of nephron,urea is reabsorbed? And how?
Special characterisitics of medullary blood flow ?
*concentrated urine formation er ADH level ki thake
Function of "U" shaped loop of Vasa recta ? and its Advantage?
Define obligatory urine volume
How the vasa recta acts as counter current exchanger?
Vasa recta is impermeable to which element?
** Osmolarity in the tip of loop of henle ?(50mlosmol/L)
Osmolarity & volume of dilute urine per day ?
Tip of vasa recta te osmolarity koto?
ADH kothay kaj kore?
Factors responsible for Hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
Requirements for creating concentrated urine.
Define: Counter Current
What are the main factors causes hyper osmolarity in renal Medulla ?
At the time of formation of dilute urine how much ADH are there?
ADH works on which segments of the renal tubules?
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Mechanism of formation of dilute urine,
2. Obligatory urine volume,
3. Factors controlling obligatory urine volume, importance of it,
4. Maximum concentrating ability of kidney,
5. Formation of concentrated urine
6. Define counter current mechanism with steps of multiplier and exchange system,
7. Role of urea contributing concentrated urine
8. hyperosmolar renal medullary interstitium with factors
9. Functional imp of vasa recta
10. mechanism of acidification of urine
Fatema NurJahan Madam
1. How diluted & concentrated urine is formed?
2. Mention the basic requirements for formation of concentrated urine.
3. Explain CC hypothesis, CC multiplier & CC exchanger.
4. Define obligatory urine volume & limiting pH.
5. What are the basic mechanisms for formation of urine?
A and D batch -
Raihan madam
1)function of urinary bladder ,
2)define Micturition Reflex ·
3)what is micturation ?
4)Threshold value of micturation reflex
5)Explain Atonic bladder
6)Abnormalities of micturation
7)What is the Post ganglion of the sympathetic nerve?
8)Nerve of filling , process of filling emptying
9)Parasympathetic action korlei micturition hobe kina?
10)Explain Cystometrogram
11)When pain sensetion occurs
12) capacity of urinary bladder
13)innervation of urinary bladder
14) Sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic nerve er kaaj ki micturition er khetre
15)Tabes dorsalis , tabetic bladder , uninhibited neurogenic bladder
16)Difference between atonic bladder and automatic bladder
17) Difference between automatic bladder and neurogenic bladder
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Functions of nerve supplying the urinary bladder and sphincter
2. Micturition, Micturition reflex, mechanism of micturition reflex
3. Voluntary control of micturition
4. Atonic, Automatic, Neurogenic bladder
5. Renal function test
6. Plasma clearance
7. Creatinine clearance test
8. Clearance value of inulin, urea, PAH, creatinine, glucose
9. Uses of plasma clearance test with their clinical importance
10. Osmolar clearance
11. Free water clearance
Fatema Nurjahan Madam
1. What is micturition reflex? State the mechanism of micturition.
2. Differentiate between atonic & automatic bladder.
3. Short note: Atonic bladder, Automatic bladder, uninhibited neurogenic bladder.
Ruhani sir
1.Define micturition
2. Define micturition reflex
3.Threshold value koto/ koto ml urine joma hole urinate er desire hobe
4.What are the abnormalities of micturition