Card 7: Neurophysiology & Special Sense
Credit:
Ruhani sir
Functional organization & functions of major level of CNS
Function of major level of CNS
Spinal cord level
Subcortical level
Higher level
Classification of PNS
Neuron
Types of motor neuron & their location or example
Nerve Fiber
Early & late stages of retrograde degeneration
What is a Saltatory movement? In which type of fiber it occurs?
Structural classification of Nerve fiber & method of conduction of them
Properties of nerve fiber
Synapse
Define & classify synapse
Anatomical / structural classification of synapse
Location of chemical & electrical synapses in the body
Properties of synaptic transmission
Synapse inhibition
Presynaptic inhibition
Postsynaptic inhibition
Synaptic delay
Refractory period
Neurotransmitters
Define neurotransmitter with example
Classify neurotransmitter
Example of excitatory neurotransmitter
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Structural organization of nervous system,
2. Function of nervous system,
3. Different parts of hindbrain,
4. Major levels of CNS with function,
5. Define neuron, types,
6. Name the motor neuron with their location,
7. Various parts of neuron with their functions,
8. Difference between axon and dendrite,
9. Define neuralgia, types and function,
10. Define nerve fiber, types, properties,
11. Conduction of nerve impulse through nerve fiber,
12. Difference of impulse conduction between myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fiber,
13. Degeneration of nerve fiber,
14. Define neurotransmitter, types, criteria,
15. Biosynthesis, storage, release of Acetylcholine,
16. Define synapse, types, properties,
17. Presynaptic inhibition,
18. Transmission of nerve impulse through a synapse,
19. Physiologic anatomy of synapse
Raihan madam
1)Nerve fibre
2)Organization of nerve ( its covering layers)
3)Properties of nerve
4)Structure of nervous system/General Design of Nervous System /
5)Structural organization of nervous system /Functional organization of nervous system
6)Neuron def
7)Synapse def.
8)Properties of synapse
9)Types/classification of synapse (Excitatory ..inhibitory and both)
10)Neurotransmitter, neuromodulator,co transmitter def
11)properties of nerve fibre
12)Numerical classification of nerve fibers
13)Function of b type nerve fiber
14)Sensory areas
15)Neuron. Function
16)Levels of nervous system and function of each level
17)Feeding reflexes are controlled at which level of CNS?
18)Function of lower brain or cortical level
19)classification (with example) of neuron according to number of
processes
20)Classification of neurons based on function and size with examples
21)What is summation
22)Where are chemical and electrical synapses found
23)Refractory period defn and types
24)Describe Excitibality
25)Describe Conductivity
26)Neuroglia
27)Types and function of neuroglia
28)Mechanism of impulse through sinus Occlusions
Ruhani sir
Sensory receptors
Define sensory receptor
Give examples of - Mechanoreceptors , Chemical receptors, Cutaneous receptors
Properties of receptors
Labelled line principle
Define receptor potential
Name the receptors of skin
Cerebral cortex
Brodmann’s areas of Somatosensory area I
Effect of lesion in somatosensory cortex
Astereognosis
What will happen if primary somatosensory area is removed
Somatic sense
Define pain
Types of pain according to velocity
Fast pain, slow pain carried by which types of nerve fibers
Pain pathway
What is referred pain
Ascending tract
Define tract
Name the ascending tracts
Function of Tract of Gall & Burdach
Location of tract of Gall & burdach in white column of spinal cord
Bell-Megendie law
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Define sensory receptor, types, properties,
2. Specificity of a receptor,
3. Law of projection,
4. Mullers law,
5. Cutaneous receptor with function,
6. Reception potential,
7. Difference between action potential and receptor potential,
8. Define and classify somatic senses,
9. General senses with their receptor,
10. Labelled line principle,
11. Ascending tracts name
12. Tract of Gall and Burdach
13. Spinothalamic tract origin, course, termination, function and effect of lesion
14. spinocerebellar tract origin, course, termination, function and effect of lesion
15. Cerebral cortex: layers, function, visual area, auditory area other important area numbers
Ruhani sir
Reflex
What is unconditioned reflex
Properties of reflex
Explain
Occlusion
Summation
Subliminal fringe
reciprocal intervention
Examples of stretch reflex
Examples of superficial reflexes
Center of knee jerk, ankle jerk, elbow jerk
Difference of nuclear bag fiber and nuclear chain fiber
Plantar reflex
What is plantar reflex
Why babinski sign is +ve in children
Why babinski sign is -ve in adults
Reflex arc
Define reflex arc
Components of reflex arc
Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ
What is muscle spindle
Role of muscle spindle
What is golgi tendon organ
what type of receptor is muscle spindle
Muscle tone
Define muscle tone
How it is maintained
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Define reflex, types,
2. Difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflex with examples,
3. Reflexes that are tested clinically,
4. Define reflex arch, types,
5. Component, properties of reflex action
6. Short Note: Summation, Occlusion and subliminal fringe,
7. Stretch reflex, pathway, importance, examples
8. Reciprocal innervation,
9. Knee jerk,
10. Planter response,
11. Withdrawal reflex,
12. Muscle spindle, structure, types, innervation, function,
13. Muscle tone, maintenance, function,
14. Crossed extensor reflex
Ruhani sir
Descending tract
What is tract
What are motor tracts
Pyramidal tract
Names of pyramidal tracts ? Which are Uncrossed tracts ?
Origin of pyramidal tracts
Origin of corticospinal tract
Function of pyramidal tract
Effects of pyramidal lesion
Deep reflex in pyramidal tract lesion
Extrapyramidal tract
Extrapyramidal tract
Function of extrapyramidal tract?
UMN, LMN
Define umn and lmn
Difference between upper and lower motor neuron lesion
Effect of lesion of umn
Effect of Lesion of lower motor neuron
Deep reflex, superficial reflex, babinski sign in UMNL,LMNL
Spinal cord
What is hemisection of spinal cord
What is Spinal shock. In which region it occurs
Effect of hemisection of Spinal cord
Same side below the level . why pain temp remain unaffected
Same side Motor changes below the level . What will be vasomotor tone change in this case
Sensory changes in case of opposite side below the level of spinal cord at lumbar region
What is brown-sequard syndrome
Esrat Jahan Madam
1. Bell Magendie law
2. Tract, Descending tract, examples
3. Pyramidal tract, function, effect of lesions,
4. Release phenomenon,
5. Babinski sign,
6. Extrapyramidal tract with course, function, effect of lesions,
7. Difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal system,
8. Difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesion,
9. Difference between dorsal column and anterior column system,
10. Typical features of spinal hemi section,
11. Brown Squard syndrome,
12. Effect of hemi section of spinal cord at lumbar region,
13. Features of complete spinal cord transection
14. Spinal shock
15. Define upper and lower motor neuron,
16. Difference between UMNL AND LMNL
17. Paralysis with types
18. Difference between spastic and flaccid paralysis
19. Saturday night paralysis
Esrat mam's suggestion
Functional division of cerebellum with their functions
How cerebellum control voluntary movement
How cerebellum perform error control mechanism
How equilibrium is maintained by cerebellum
Clinical features of cerebellar lesions
Tests for cerebellar lesions
Name the cerebellar nuclei and fibres
Rosy Madam
1. Name the functional division of cerebellum
2. Draw a diagram to show neuronal circuits of cerebellum
3. How does cerebellum perform the error control mechanism?
4. What are the signs of cerebral lesions/ Cerebellar disorder?
5. Mention some tests for cerebellar lesion
Esrat mam's suggestion
Basal ganglia
Basal ganglia -define, structure, function,
Parkinson's disease, tremor ,chorea,
Difference between cerebellar and basal ganglia lesions
Thalamus
Function of thalamus
Reticular formation
Reticular formation function
Limbic system
Limbic system, definition, component, function,
Role of limbic system in emotions, memory
CSF & BBB
CSF - define, formation, secretion, circulation, composition, physical characteristics, function
Structure of BBB
Esrat Madam
1. Function of thalamus,
2. CSF: define, formation, secretion, circulation, composition, physical characteristics, function
3. Limbic system, definition, component, function
4. Role of limbic system in emotions, memory
5. Short Note: Memory
6. Basal ganglia: definition, structure, function
7. Parkinson’s disease
8. Tremor, Chorea
9. Difference between cerebellar and basal ganglia lesions,
10. Reticular formation function
11. Blood brain Barrier: function and structure
Fatema mam;s suggestion
Hypothalamus
name the nuclei of hypothalamus
Function of hypothalamus
Body temperature
What do you mean by core & shell temperature?
Write about the mechanism of heat loss and heat gain in our body.
How is body temperature regulated in cold climates?
Give the normal temperature of our body.
How is body temperature regulated in hot climates?
How does hypothalamus regulate the body temperature in hot and humid weather?
What is set point?
State the role of hypothalamus in temperature regulation.
What do you mean by hypothermic & poikilothermic?
What is the normal value of core temperature?
How is the body temperature in a warm climate in a tropical country?
What is thermostat?
What is heat stroke?
Short note: Frostbite
Esrat Madam
1. Nuclei of hypothalamus
2. Functions of hypothalamus
3. Define body temperature
4. Normal value of body temperature with ranges
5. Common sites of recording body temperature
6. Difference between core and shell temperature
7. What is homeothermic and poikilothermic
8. Process of heat gain and heat loss in our body
9. Regulations of body temperature in hot and cold climate
10. Hypothalamic regulations of body temperature
11. Set point
12. Thermostat
13. Hypothermia
14. Hyperthermia
15. Heat stroke
Raihan madam
1)Thermostat (mechanism)
2)Thermoregulation (Full)-(winter e extra dress poro kno? Behavioral ki change hoy?)
3)Set point
4)value of normal,core & shell temperature
5)Mechanism of heat loss
6)Thrust & hunger center
7)Hypothalamic nuclei ( nuclei that control sexual function, emotion & behavior)
8)Function of hypothalamus (vegetative, water regulation, cardiovascular system)
9)Autonomic control of hypothalamus
10)Action of hypothalamus in hot & cold climate
Fatema mam's suggestion
Function of ANS
Sympathetic tone
Alarm response of sympathetic NS
Difference between autonomic & somatic NS
Esrat Madam
1. Functional classification of nervous system with definition
2. Function of autonomic nervous system
3. Structures having only sympathetic supply but no parasympathetic supply
4. Compare and contrast between sympathetic and parasympathetic system of ANS
5. Effect of ANS on CVS, GIT, eye, blood vessels, glands, bronchi
6. Why sympathetic system is termed catabolic and parasympathetic system anabolic
7. Role of sympathetic system in stress,
8. Fight or flight response
9. Sites of Acetylcholine and norepinephrine secretion
10. Adrenergic and cholinergic neuron,
11. Adrenoreceptors, Cholinoreceptors
Raihan madam
1)Autonomic nervous system types
2)ANS action on eye,lungs,fat cell,bladder,kidney,urine,uterine contraction, blood vessel, liver, GIT
3) Organization of ANS
4) Outflow of sympathetic & parasympathetic nerve fibre
5) Neurotransmitter name & from where are they secreted?
6) Neurotransmitter at preganglionic & post ganglionic ending
7) Precursor of acetyl choline & norepinephrine, site of synthesis
8)Nicotinic receptor & types
9)Adrenergic & cholinergic receptor & neuron
10)Flight fright movement
11)What is ganglia,site of aggregation ( CNS e nucleus, PNS e ganglia),location of ganglia in para sympathatic system
12)Which stimulation can cause asthma? ( parasympathetic) & why?
13)Fear, punishment & reward centre
Ruhani sir
Photoreceptors
Name the photoreceptors
Functions of rods & cones
Visual cycle , Visual pathway
Center of visual pathway
What is phototransduction
Location of primary & secondary visual cortex
What does primary visual area do
Brodmann area no of primary & secondary visual cortex
What is rhodopsin
Function of rhodopsin
Reflexes
Accommodation reflex
Changes in accommodation reflex
Pupillary light reflex
Direct & consensual light reflex
Dark adaptation
Types of visual reflex
Light adaptation
Colour vision, Field of vision, Visual acuity
Visual acuity
Which is used in colour vision test
Primary colours
Field of vision/ define visual field
Type of visual field
Refractive media , Common refractive errors
Unit of refractive power of lens
Common refractive errors
Which refractive error i have
Correction of myopia
What happens in myopia
Without lens, where image is formed in myopia
Others
State the term used for normal vision
Emmetropia
What is night blindness
Source of Vit - A
What is miosis & Mydriasis
Esrat Madam
1. Physiological function of eye
2. Function of aqueous and vitreous humor
3. Refractive power of eye
4. Refractive media
5. Refractive errors of eye with cause and correction
6. Name the visual reflexes
7. Light reflex - defined, pathway, importance
8. Near response
9. Accommodation reflex
10. Parasympathetic nerve of accommodation,
11. Argyll Robertson pupil
12. Visual pathway
13. Effect of lesions at different levels of visual pathways
14. Layers of eyeball
15. Structure, layer and function of retina
16. Nervous layer of retina
17. Binocular vision
18. Photoreceptor of retina with their functions
19. Difference between rod and cones
20. Light and dark adaptations
21. Color blindness
22. Visual acuity
23. Visual field
Raihan madam
1)Layers of eyeball
2)What is aqueous and vitreous humor
3)Intraocular pressure
4)Lens kisher shathe attach thake
5)What is Retina ?
6)Physiology of cornea
7)Refractive e shobcheye beshi k contribute kore serially
8)What is fundus oculi
9)Sclera ki diye toiri
10)Photopigmented layer, function
11)Macula lutea , optic disc, blind spot , fovea centralis
12)Fuction of conjunctiva
13)What is tear
14)Cornea keno transparent (Relatively dehydrated and blood vessel thake na)
15)lacrimal apparatus ki ki
16)Whats intraocular fluid!?
17)Composition of aqueous humor , vitreous humor
18)Glacuma ki
19)Eye muscle names
20)Accommodation er muscle
21)Optic pathway
22)Visual cortex boradman no
23(Visual field! And classification (right left nasal temporal)
24)What is refraction of light
25)Optic nerve leison
26)What is focal point !? Length
27)What is accommodation? What is refractive index , refractive power? Kibhabe measure kora hoi
28)Range of accommodation ki (how)
29)Focal length koto
30) presbyopia,
31) Far and near point of vision
32)accommodation reaction
33)What are the properties of aquous humor... And it's formation and drainage
and it's refractive index
34)What is refraction of light, refractive index
35)velocity of light in air
36)principal focus and focal length
37)Physiological anatomy of lens
38)Optic pathway
39)Primary visual cortex
40)Effect of lesion on optic nerve ,optic chaisma
41)optic pathway
42)Refractive power, Diopter and its importance
Ruhani air
Function of inner ear
Function of tympanic membrane
Center of auditory pathway
Brodmann area no of primary & secondary auditory area
Receptors of hearing, location
Location of hair cells
How many times does tympanic membrane intensifies sound
Medical term of hearing
Auditory transduction
Between bone & air conduction which one is more effective/ works more
Define deafness
Types of deafness
Does inner ear maintains pressure
Esrat Madam
1. Physiological anatomy of cochlea, organ of corti, hair cells
2. Mechanism of hearing
3. Pathway of hearing
4. Deafness
5. Difference between weber test and rinnes test
Raihan madam
1)Full anatomical structure of ear ( external+ middle+ internal with every part details )
2)Attenuation reflex ( process + importance)
3) Name of the ossicles, attachment of tympanic membrane with malleus
4) how stapes is attached with inner ear
5) Mechanism of decreasing a person’s hearing sensitivity to his own speech
6.)Structure of inner ear
7)It’s location and function
8)Types and name of receptors situated in inner ear
9)What is deafness ,Types of deafness,Tests for deafness, nerve deafness e cochlear r level/ above cochlea level e ki hoy
10)conduction reflex e test korle ki dekha jae,
11)Hair cell types , structure of cochlea, vestibular membrane
12)What is helicotrema?
13)Mechanism of Action potential in hearing ?
14)Which nerve?
15)Fluid Compartment and name?
16)Composition of Perilymph and endolymph?
17)auditory pathway..broadman area
18)sound transduction and it's pathway
19).auditory function test
20) anatomy of cochlea .function of saccule and utricle.. spiral organ of corti ... types of receptors
Ruhani Sir
Smell
function of nose
Name & Location of smell recoptor??
Medical term of smell ?
What is anosmia?
Taste
Location of taste receptor Medical term of taste
function of taste bud
What is taste blindness?
Where is bitter taste detected??
Location of sweet taste buds
What is hypogeusia
What is taste threshold
which part of tongue detects sweet and sour taste?
How many types of cells are in taste bud?
Define ageusia
Where we feel any Sweet and sour taste ??
Esrat Madam
1. Modalities of taste sensation
2. Taste bud, specificity of taste buds
3. Taste pathways
4. Disorder of taste sensation
5. Pathways of olfaction
6. Disorder of olfaction
Raihan madam
1. Another name of taste sensation
2.What is gustation?
3. Modalities of taste sensation
4.Location of taste sensation
5.Stimulant for salty taste
6.Umami taste meaning
7. Threshold for taste sensation
8. Taste bud def,their location and types of
cells in details
9. Receptors in taste bud
10.Pathway of taste sensation sensation
11. Abnormalities of taste (ageusia def)
12. Another name of smell sensation
13.Olfaction def and which type of sensation
is it?
14.Olfactory receptors koyta and location
15.Pathway of olfaction
16.Parts of olfactory cortex
17.primary sensations or classification of
smell
18. What is Ethereal and smell of ginger
19.what is flavour
20. Olfactory dysfunction
21. Abnormalities of olfaction (anosmia..in
which cases anosmia temporarily occur)
22.Creation of action potential in olfactory cells